India has the potential to reshape the global semiconductor race and establish leadership in post-silicon technologies by harnessing two-dimensional (2D) materials, according to a report by government think tank NITI Aayog.
The report noted that the alignment of India’s semiconductor policy with advancements in 2D materials research creates a strong opportunity for technological growth. “2D materials research presents an opportunity for comprehensive technological advancement that could provide India an opportunity to disrupt the Semicon race,” NITI Aayog stated.
Explaining the transformative potential, the report highlighted how 2D materials could enable smartphones that fold like paper but remain resilient, or displays so thin they merge seamlessly into surfaces. It also pointed to ultra-efficient CPUs and GPUs that run faster and cooler, drastically reducing energy consumption and extending battery life by several days.
2D materials are crystalline substances only a few atoms thick, usually less than one nanometre. Their unique electronic, optical and mechanical properties make them critical for the future of semiconductors, memory, quantum devices, flexible electronics and advanced energy systems. Ultra-thin 2D transistors, for example, can operate at sub-0.3V threshold voltages, resulting in five to ten times lower power dissipation compared to current FinFET technology.
The report also noted that 2D-based synaptic devices in high-density neuromorphic arrays could shrink chip size by more than 40 per cent without performance loss. Such innovations could redefine computing, enable energy-efficient artificial intelligence, and support new device formats.
However, the report cautioned that India’s progress in mono-to-few-layer 2D materials remains in its early stages, with most research limited to material synthesis and basic device testing. Significant work is still needed on wafer-scale integration, heterostructure design and deployable prototypes.
Breakthroughs in this field could be critical for edge-AI, wearable technology and quantum-class processors, where efficiency and compactness are essential. NITI Aayog emphasised that if India fully utilises the potential of 2D materials, it could disrupt the global semiconductor race and position itself at the forefront of the next technological revolution.
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