As artificial intelligence spreads rapidly across industries, security agencies are increasingly concerned that militant groups are also exploring the technology, even if their use remains limited for now.
Intelligence officials and counterterrorism experts say extremist organisations see AI as a potential force multiplier. The technology could help them recruit supporters, generate convincing deepfake images and videos, and improve cyber operations.
In November 2025, a post on a pro Islamic State online forum encouraged supporters to integrate AI into their activities. “One of the best things about AI is how easy it is to use,” the user wrote in English.
“Some intelligence agencies worry that AI will contribute [to] recruiting,” the post added. “So make their nightmares into reality.”
Security experts note that the Islamic State, now a decentralised network after losing territory in Iraq and Syria, has long relied on digital platforms for recruitment and propaganda. Its interest in AI is seen as a continuation of that strategy.
For small and poorly funded extremist cells, AI offers an affordable way to produce propaganda, deepfakes and translated content at scale. This allows them to extend their reach far beyond traditional limits.
“For any adversary, AI really makes it much easier to do things,” said John Laliberte, former National Security Agency researcher and now CEO of a cybersecurity firm. “With AI, even a small group that doesn’t have a lot of money is still able to make an impact.”
Researchers say extremist groups began experimenting with AI soon after tools like ChatGPT became widely available. Since then, they have used generative AI to create realistic images and videos that can spread quickly on social platforms.
Two years ago, fake AI generated images linked to the Israel Hamas war circulated online, showing graphic scenes that fuelled outrage and polarisation. Similar tactics were used after an attack in Russia that killed nearly 140 people, when AI made propaganda videos appeared online to attract recruits.
According to analysts, the Islamic State has also used AI generated audio of leaders reciting scripture and automated translation tools to reach audiences in multiple languages.
While such groups remain far behind state actors like China, Russia and Iran, experts warn the risks will grow as AI tools become cheaper and more powerful.
Governments are responding. New legislation passed in the US House requires annual assessments of AI risks posed by extremist groups. Lawmakers argue that policies must evolve as threats change.
“Our policies and capabilities must keep pace with the threats of tomorrow,” one lawmaker said.
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