The concept of placing an AI data center in space is running into major challenges as Earth’s orbit becomes increasingly congested.
Google’s proposed Project Suncatcher plans to deploy 81 satellites in low Earth orbit. These satellites would use solar powered AI processors to handle data in space and send results back to Earth, while excess heat remains in orbit. The idea aims to reduce energy demands on the planet. However, experts warn that the risks may outweigh the benefits.
The satellites would fly in tight formation, with just 200 meters of separation. This creates a serious collision risk, as millions of pieces of space debris currently travel through low Earth orbit at hypersonic speeds. Even a small impact could trigger a chain reaction, creating more debris and threatening the entire satellite network.
A report citing a 2025 expert analysis highlighted that low Earth orbit already contains tens of thousands of human made objects. These include active satellites, old rocket stages, and debris fragments. Project Suncatcher plans to operate in a sun-synchronous orbit, which provides constant sunlight but is also one of the most crowded and high risk orbital paths. Events observed in November 2025 further showed how vulnerable this region has become.
Maintaining such close satellite formations is also technically difficult. Orbital drag and space weather can change satellite positions without warning. Without advanced autonomous protection systems, the satellites would need to coordinate in real time to avoid collisions. Experts say this is an extremely complex and unresolved challenge.
Regulatory measures such as Federal Communications Commission rules and orbital use fees are meant to reduce long term risks. However, they cannot fully prevent collisions. Scientists continue to warn about Kessler syndrome, a scenario where cascading collisions make certain orbits unusable.
As space technology expands rapidly, experts stress that innovation must be matched with stronger debris management. Without additional safeguards, Project Suncatcher could add to an already dangerous orbital environment instead of offering a sustainable solution.
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